GC-MS Analysis and PCA-Based Statistical Evaluation of Lipid Residues in Terracotta Pottery from the Buddhist Site of Badalpur, Taxila Valley, Pakistan

Abstract

This study provides a detailed analysis of organic residues preserved in terracotta pottery from the Buddhist archaeological site of Badalpur, situated in the Taxila Valley, Pakistan. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify and characterize lipid compounds in 63 pottery fragments, which were classified into five functional categories: oil lamps, cooking pots, storage vessels, bowls, and dish plates. The molecular analysis revealed a diverse range of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, indicating the presence of both plant- and animal-derived substances. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to statistically evaluate compositional variations and to identify potential functional patterns among pottery types. The results indicate significant differentiation in fatty acid profiles, suggesting varied pottery use related to food preparation, storage, and ritual activities. This integrative analytical approach offers new insights into ancient dietary habits, resource utilization, and domestic practices at the Badalpur site.